| Dengue virus |
Dengue virus (DENV) is the cause of dengue fever. It is a mosquito-borne, single positive-stranded RNA virus of the family Flaviviridae; genus Flavivirus. Four serotypes of the virus have been found, a reported fifth has yet to be confirmed, all of which can cause the full spectrum of disease. Nevertheless, scientists' understanding of dengue virus may be simplistic as, rather than distinct antigenic groups, a continuum appears to exist. This same study identified 47 strains of dengue virus. Additionally, coinfection with and lack of rapid tests for zika virus and chikungunya complicate matters in real-world infections. |
Aedes aegypti |
| Rice black streaked dwarf virus |
Rice black-streaked dwarf virus (RBSDV) is a plant pathogenic virus of the family Reoviridae. |
Sogatella furcifera |
| Rice dwarf virus |
Rice dwarf virus (RDV) is a plant pathogenic virus of the family Reoviridae. |
Aodelphax striatellus |
| Rice grassy stunt tenuivirus |
Rice grassy stunt virus (RGSV) is a plant pathogenic virus transmitted by the brown planthopper, Nilaparvata lugens, and two other Nilaparvata species, N. bakeri and N. muiri.The virus is found in South and Southeast Asia, China, Japan, and Taiwan. From 1970 to 1977, RGSV incidence was high in Indonesia. Outbreaks occurred in the Philippines from 1973 to 1977 and again from 1982 to 1983. There was significant crop loss from RGSV in parts of India in 1972–74, 1978, 1981, and 1984. High levels of RGSV were reported in Kyushu, Japan in 1978. |
Nilaparvata lugens |
| Rice ragged stunt virus |
Rice ragged stunt virus (RRSV) is a plant pathogenic virus of the family Reoviridae. RRSV, vectored by the brown planthopper (BPH) (Delphacidae: Nilaparvata lugens), causes ragged stunt disease of rice (Oryza spp., especially Oryza sativa). The virus, first described by Hibino, Ling and Shikata, is also less commonly known as rice infectious gall virus. RRSV has polyhedral particles about 50 nm in diameter possessing spikes (and perhaps a complete outer shell) to a diameter of 65 nm. The particles contain double-stranded RNA in eight segments. RRSV can only infect plants in the family Gramineae, i.e. grasses including rice. The virus can only be transmitted by BPH and is not mechanically transmitted to plants. |
Nilaparvata lugens |
| Tomato yellow leaf curl virus |
Tomato yellow leaf curl virus (TYLCV) is a DNA virus from the genus Begomovirus and the family Geminiviridae. TYLCV causes the most destructive disease of tomato, and it can be found in tropical and subtropical regions causing severe economic losses. This virus is transmitted by an insect vector from the family Aleyrodidae and order Hemiptera, the whitefly Bemisia tabaci, commonly known as the silverleaf whitefly or the sweet potato whitefly. The primary host for TYLCV is the tomato plant, and other plant hosts where TYLCV infection has been found include eggplants, potatoes, tobacco, beans, and peppers. Due to the rapid spread of TYLCV in the last few decades, there is an increased focus in research trying to understand and control this damaging pathogen. Some interesting findings include virus being sexually transmitted from infected males to non-infected females (and vice versa), and an evidence that TYLCV is transovarially transmitted to offspring for two generations. |
Bemisia tabaci |
| West Nile virus |
West Nile virus (WNV) is a single-stranded RNA virus that causes West Nile fever. It is a member of the family Flaviviridae, from the genus Flavivirus, which also contains the Zika virus, dengue virus, and yellow fever virus. The virus is primarily transmitted by mosquitoes, mostly species of Culex. The primary hosts of WNV are birds, so that the virus remains within a "bird–mosquito–bird" transmission cycle. The virus is genetically related to the Japanese encephalitis family of viruses. |
Culex pipiens |
| Zika virus |
Zika virus (ZIKV) is a member of the virus family Flaviviridae. It is spread by daytime-active Aedes mosquitoes, such as A. aegypti and A. albopictus. Its name comes from the Ziika Forest of Uganda, where the virus was first isolated in 1947. Zika virus shares a genus with the dengue, yellow fever, Japanese encephalitis, and West Nile viruses. Since the 1950s, it has been known to occur within a narrow equatorial belt from Africa to Asia. From 2007 to 2016, the virus spread eastward, across the Pacific Ocean to the Americas, leading to the 2015–2016 Zika virus epidemic. |
Aedes aegypti |
